About

• Wastewater collection and pre-treatment:Industrial wastewater is collected and pre-treated to remove solids and other contaminants.
• Primary treatment:Technologies like ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are used to remove dissolved solids and other impurities from the water.
• Concentration:The remaining concentrated brine is further treated to concentrate salts and other dissolved solids. This can involve techniques like electrodialysis (ED) or multiple evaporation steps.
• Final separation:In the final stage, the concentrated brine is evaporated to a point where only solid crystals or salts remain. These solids are then collected for disposal or potential reuse as byproducts.
• Water recovery:The recovered water from the different stages is recycled back into the industrial process, creating a closed-loop system.

• Components:Common components include ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, evaporators (like multiple-effect evaporators), and crystallizers.
• Benefits:
  • Environmental protection:Eliminates the environmental impact of discharging industrial wastewater into waterways.
  • Water conservation:Recovers and reuses water, which is especially beneficial in water-scarce regions.
  • Resource recovery:Can be designed to recover valuable salts and other chemicals from the wastewater.
  • Regulatory compliance:Helps industries meet strict wastewater discharge regulations.

• Industries with high water consumption and wastewater generation, such as power plants, chemical factories, mining, and petrochemicals, commonly use ZLD systems.