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• Counter-flow design: Heated water is pumped to the top and sprayed through nozzles, creating a fine mist as it flows down over a fill material.
• Air movement: A fan draws air in from the sides and pulls it upwards through the tower, directly opposing the water's downward path.
• Heat exchange: As the water and air move past each other, a small amount of water evaporates, which removes heat from the remaining water, lowering its temperature.
• Drift eliminators: These are mounted above the water distribution system to capture water droplets that could be carried out by the fan, minimizing water loss to about
  

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• Construction materials: The casing is often made of corrosion-resistant FRP, while internal fills and drift eliminators are typically made of PVC, which is lightweight and durable.
• Modular design: Square towers are often modular, allowing for multiple units to be installed side-by-side or for capacity to be expanded by adding more modules later.

• Space efficiency: The square shape allows for more efficient use of space, especially in applications with limited floor area.
• Uniform performance: The design promotes even distribution of both water and airflow, leading to consistent cooling performance.
• Easy maintenance: Access to internal parts is generally straightforward, facilitating maintenance and cleaning.
• Structural stability: The square base provides a balanced load distribution, which minimizes vibration and enhances structural integrity, particularly when installed on elevated platforms.
• Cost-effectiveness: Square towers are often considered a cost-effective alternative to other types of cooling towers